Authors
Precede the final name of multiple author citations in running text by the word and. In parentheses and in the reference list, joing the names by an ampersand (&) e.g.
as Smith and Jones (2003) find ...
as has been shown (Smith & Jones, 2003)
Two authors
In-text
According to Cox and Gould (1998) ... OR
Research indicates ... (Cox & Gould, 1998) indicates
Reference List
Cox, R. C., & Gould, M. H. (1998). Civil engineering heritage: Ireland. London: Thomas Telford.
Three, Four or Five authors
In-text
According to Hall, Timothy, and Duval (2007) ... OR
Research indicates ... (Hall, Timothy, & Duval, 2007)
- Cite all authors the first time in-text. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and year of publication, e.g. (Hall et al., 2007)
Reference List
Hall, C. M., Timothy, D. J., & Duval, D. T. (2007). Safety and security in tourism: relationships, management and marketing. Mumbai, India: Jaico Publishing House.
- Separate the final name from the rest with a comma and an ampersand.
Six or seven authors
In-text
According to Roeder et al. (1967) ...
- In-text cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.
Reference List
Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead, M., Craig, K., & Peterson, R., (1967). Nerve cells and insect behaviour. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Include all names in the Reference List.
Eight or more authors
In-text
Yoon et al. (2001) argue OR
Research indicates ... (Yoon et al., 2001)
Reference List
Yoon, P. W., Chen, B., Faucett, A., Clyne, M., Gwinn, M., Lubin, I. M., ... Muin, J. (2001) Public health impact of genetic tests at the end of the 20th century. Genetics in Medicine, 3, 405-410.
- When authors number eight or more, include the first six authors' names, then insert three dots and add the last author's name.
Multiple works by same author
In-text
As discussed by Gardner (1999, 2004)
Reference List
Gardner, H. (1999). Changing minds: The art and science of changing our own and other people's minds. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Gardner, H. (2004). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. New York: Basic Books.
- Order chronologically in the Reference List
Multiple works published in the same year by the same author
In-text
Recent research suggests (Graham, 2006a, 2006b)
Reference List
Graham, S. (2006a). Strategy instruction and the teaching of writing: A meta-analysis. In C. MacArthur, S. Graham, & J. Fitzgerald (Eds.), Handbook of writing research (pp. 187-207). New York: Guilford.
Graham, S. (2006b). Writing. In P. Alexander & P. Winne (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (pp. 457-478). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Use a/b etc. to differentiate between works in same year.
- Order alphabetically by title.
No author
In-text
Research indicates ... ("Autism", 2009)
The McGraw-Hill concise encyclopedia of science & techology (2005, p. 29) defines it as ....
- Use a few words of the title, or the whole title if it is short. If it is an article or chapter title, or an entry title in an encyclopedia, put it between quotation marks. If it is a book or web page title, put it in italics.
Reference List
Autism. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9011351
McGraw-Hill concise encyclopedia of science & technology (5th ed.). (2005). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Place the title in the author position.
Corporate authors
In-text First citation:
(Ministry of Health [MOH], 2006)
Subsequent text citations:
(MOH, 2006)
- Corporate authors can be abbreviated in subsequent citations, however, if the name is short or if the abbreviation would not be easily understood, type out the name each time it occurs. If you are going to use the abbreviation, indicate the abbreviation in the first in-text citation.
Reference List
Ministry of Health. (2008). Future directions for eating disorders services in New Zealand. Wellington, N.Z.: Author.
- When the publisher and the author are identical, use the word Author as the publisher.
Editor as Author
In-text
Research indicates ... (Friedman, 1998) ... OR
According to Friedman (1998) ...
Reference List
Friedman, H. S. (Ed.). (1998). Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.